Here is the study guide for Test #5, which will be held in class on Dec. 7.


Study Guide for Test 5

Chapter 13

1. Know how RNA and DNA differ.
2. Know the mechanics of transcription and translation, including
a. where energy is consumed and what energy molecules are used.
b. the details of initiation, elongation, and termination in both transcription and translation.
3. Know how the 4-letter language of nucleic acids can be converted into the 20-word language of amino acid.
4. Know why only one strand of DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
5. Know the parts of a t-RNA, including amino acid binding site and anti-codon site.
6. Know the start codon and what amino acid it codes for.
7. Know the action of peptidyl tranferase.
8. Know about the universal nature of codons and its implication for translation of human mRNA in other eukaryotic cells.
9. Know how eukaryotic mRNA’s are modified and the ‘reason’ for each type of modification.
10. Know the flow of information in most organisms and how this flow is different in retroviruses.
11. Know the following definitions and their effects on the gene: deletion mutation, addition mutation, frameshift mutation, substitution mutation, nonsense mutation, and misssense mutation.
12. Be able to read a codon chart. Be able to determine the mRNA that would be transcribed from a template or nontemplate DNA strand and what amino acids the mRNA would code for.

Chapter 18

13. Know the following definitions of the following terms: evolution, population, community, individual, ecosystem, biosphere, synthetic theory of evolution.
14. Know that evolution is caused by natural selection.
15. Know the components of natural selection.
16. Know the difference between natural and artificial selections. Know specific examples of artificial selection, specifically the broccoli family and domestic dogs.
17. Know the names of the individuals who influenced Darwin’s theory and how they influenced him.
18. Know the details of Darwin’s ‘voyage of discovery’.
19. Know the following tenants of natural selection: variation, overproduction, competition, differential reproductive success.
20. Know how mutations effect natural selection.
21. Know how each of the following provides evidence for the theory of evolution: fossil record, biogeography, comparative biology, developmental biology, comparative molecular biology, experimentation. Know examples and details of each.
22. Know the following definitions and examples of each: homologous features, homoplastic features, convergent evolution, vestigial structures, molecular clocks, .
Chapter 19

23. Know how to calculate phenotype frequencies, genotype frequencies, and allele frequencies.
24. Know the Hardy-Weinberg principle equation.
25. Know what contributes to stability or change within a population.
26. Know how random breeding, inbreeding, assortative mating, genetic drift, founder effect, stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection change phenotypes, genotypes, and allele frequencies.
27. Know how sickle-cell trait is beneficial to those who have the heterozygotic condition.